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  وجه مجهول "Passive case" / جملات مجهول / معلوم و مجهول

وجه مجهول "Passive case"

براي مجهول کردن يک جمله معلوم:

1) مفعول را به اول جمله و به جاي فاعل قرار مي دهيم.

2) فعل To be مناسب با زمان جمله را اضافه مي کنيم.

3) قسمت سوم فعل (P.P) را اضافه مي کنيم.

توجه: فاعل جمله را مي توان با حرف اضافه by به آخر جمله اضافه کنيم. 

1) A: did you clean the room?

B: No, it...............tomorrow.

a) will clean

b) cleans

c) will be cleaned (قسمت سوم فعل) *

d) is cleaning

2) The film ......... in this building on Mondays.

a) show

b) are shown *

c) were shown

d) are showing

  3) The English language...........in a lot of countries nowadays.→ اشاره به زمان حال دارد.

a) is speaking

b) has spoken

c) is spoken *

d) was speaking

4) When I was very small I ............. in the park one afternoon.

a) had lost

b) have lost

c) lost

d) was lost *

جملات مجهول

اگر فاعل جمله به صورت شيء باشد در آخر جمله مجهول آن را با يکي از حروف اضافه in، with مي نويسيم. 

1. The room was filled...........smoke.

a) by

b) with *

c) at

d) on

Smoke فاعل جمله است.

2. The lock was covered .......... paint.

a) with *

b) by

c) at

d) on

 3. Pepper was contained ............. the food.

a) with

b) in *

c) at

d) by

4. The sea was polluted............oil.

a) by

b) on

*c) with

d) in

معلوم و مجهول

Money- homework يک اسم غير قابل شمارش است و بايد با فعل to beمفرد به کار رود. ولي دلار، مارک و ريال قابل شمارش است. 

1. A lot of money ............ to be spent on repairs to the house.

a) needed *

b) need

c) are needed

d) has needed

2. How much homework............. by the students.

a) are done

b) is done *

c) is doing

d) are doing

 3. How many dollars .................. on educational programs?

a) should spend

b) spend

c) are spending *

d) should be spent

يکي از چهار گزينه از نظر دستوري غلط است.

4. How much homework should do by the student?

                1         2              3           4

تست، يک تست مجهول است و homework يک اسم غير قابل شمارش است. شماره 3 يک ساختار معلوم است که به يک ساختار مجهول تبديلش مي کنيم. پس بايد بشود:

Should be done by student

ماضي نقلي

اين زمان براي بيان عملي است که در وقت نامشخص در گذشته آغاز شده و اثر آن تا زمان حال باقي است.

طرز ساختن اين زمان: since و for قيد زماني + قسمت سوم فعل+ have وhas + فاعل

مبدأ زمان: since، طول زمان: for

1- He is tired, because he …….. football since afternoon.

a) have played

b) has played *

c) had played

d) played

جمله اي که قبل از because قرار گرفته زمان حال ساده است و جمله اي که بعد از because قرار مي گيرد بايد ماضي نقلي باشد.

2- John is unhappy because he ……….his money.

a) lost

b) have lost

c) has lost *

d) lose

3- She …….. here since 1948.

a) worked

b) have worked

c) has worked *

d) was working

4- I ……… in Greece since 1976.

a) have lived *

b) lived

c) has lived

d) was living

وجود قيود زماني در ماضي نقلي

ماضي نقلي يک سري علائم دارد. مثل:

(several times- yet- so for- up to now)

1- I ……… to him a bout it several times.

a) have spoken *

b) am speaking

c) speak

d) spokes

2- She …….. English for 8 years.

a) studied

b) have studied

c) has studied*

d) studying

3- We …….. 17 lesson so for.

a) have learned *

b) has learned

c) learned

d) were learning

4- Ali ……..yet

a) didn’t come

b) haven’t come

c) hasn’t come *

d) wasn’t coming